Field survey of coccinellid fauna was carried out in Chitgar Park from 2010 to 2011.External morphology of adult coccinellids and male and female genitalia were used for identification. For evaluating correlation between densities of coccinellid SPECIES with plant types and site altitudes, sampling were done on three different types of plants (weeds, conifers and broadleaves) in three sites elevation (1150-1250, 1251-1350 and 1351-1450 m.). In the course of study sixteen ladybeetle SPECIES of four subfamilies were collected in Chitgar Park.1) Coccinellinae: Hippodamia variegata., Coccinella septempunctata, Coccinella undecimpunctata, Oenopia conglobata, Adalia bipunctata, and Propylaea quatuordecimpunctata.2) Chilocorinae: Chilocorus bipustulatus, Exochomus nigripennis, Exochomus nigromaculatus, Exochomus flavipes, Exochomus quadripustulatus, Exochomus sp.3) Scymninae: Scymnus (Pulus) sp., Stethorus gilvifrons, .4) Sticholotidinae: Nipus plunatus and Pharoscymnus ovoideus. All collected specimens are predators of insect pests include aphids, scales, mites and defoliator beetles larvae. Of all collected cccinelids, Oenopia conglobata had the highest occurrences in year-round collection with 34.1 percentages and accounted as DOMINANT SPECIES. The figures for this SPECIES in summer, autumn and winter seasons of 2010 were 49, 22 and 84 percent of all collected specimens. Population density of seven spotted lady beetle; Coccinella septempunctata was 33 percent in the spring of the same year.

This research aimed to investigate plant SPECIES diversity and spatial distribution of five DOMINANT SPECIES i. e. Phragmites australis, Tamarix meyeri, Aeluropus littoralis, Aeluropus lagopoides and Cynodon dactylon in Hamoon international wetlands in 2015. To this end, a randomize-systematic sampling method was used according to w pattern by four strip transect at 5000 m2 at each station. The study of plant SPECIES diversity was carried by Shannon-weaver and Simpson's methods. According to the result of SPECIES diversity methods, the most amont of SPECIES diversity was observed in third station. The highest value of shannon-weaver and simpson indexes were 1. 43 and 0. 89 in third station, and the lowest value were 0. 67 and 0. 38 in first station respectively. In addition, the spatial distribution of five DOMINANT SPECIES was carried by using of methods i. e. Morisita, k, Variance to mean ratio, Taylor and Iwao The most amount of P and R2 in taylor method in Phragmites australis was 0. 007 and 0. 921, so that these values was 0. 13 and 0. 301 in iwao methods respectively. The result of this research showed that distribution pattern of Phragmites australis, Aeluropus lagopoides and Cynodon dactylon were cluster. Distribution pattern were random between Tamarix meyeri and Aeluropus littoralis too. The result of this research showed that there is significant differences between the amounts of shannon-weaver and simpson, s methods., Also the result of distribution methods showed that the efficiency of taylor method was more suitable than iwao method due to higher accuracy for estimating of plants distribution.

Hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) are considered as one of the most important natural enemies of aphids, and one of the most useful pollinators of plants. Their larvae are predators of aphids and they have an important role in ensuring biological balance. In this study, which were performed in Garmsar region in 2010, these flies were collected and identified. The SPECIES diversity of these insects was measured by indexes of Shanon-Winer (H´), Brilloun (Ĥ), and Margalov (Dmg). In the faunistic studies, 16 SPECIES belonging to 10 genera and 2 sub-families, were identified, among them the SPECIES, Eupeodes lapponicus, is considered as the new record form Iran. The maximum diversity and abundance of hoverflies in Garmsar were as Ĥ=1.125, H´=2.247, Dmg=22.878 at the first week of Khordad month (end of May). Also, Episyrphus balteatus is DOMINANT SPECIESin Garmsar region.

During 2002 and 2003 floristic studies at Aun Ben Ali mountain, located at north of Tabriz, about 206 SPECIES belonging to 40 families were observed and detected. Seeds of 8 SPECIES were germinated at cytogenetic laboratory of Tabriz University and root tips were used to karyotypic studies, following root fixation, pretreatment, hydrolysis and hematoxilin chromosome staining. Chromosome number of two SPECIES; Reaumuria cistoides Adam and Onobrychis buhseana Bunge ex Boiss were reported for the first time. Both SPECIES had 2n=2x= 16 chromosomes, with 2 pairs of satellites, in spite of belonging to different families. The second SPECIES showed a more asymmetric karyotype, which is consistent with previous floristic studies. The results for 6 other SPECIES were as existent references.

This survey was conducted to determine relationship between soil characteristic and vegetation in four rang sites in Garmsar region. After selection of indicator vegetation tapes, sampling of soil and vegetation were performed by randomized- systematic method. There were 3 transects in each vegetation and each transet contained 10 plots. The size of plots depended on diversty and different plants in each area. The distance between plots was 50 meter and vegetation data included floristic list and cover percentage were estimated quantitativaley in cach plot. Soil sample were taken at depths of 0-30 and 30-60 cm in 5 plots of 10 plots withineach site. It means in each site 10 soil samples and totally 40 samples were examined in laboratory. In laboratory physical and chemical characteristic included Clay (%), silt and, Ec, ph, cao (%), organic material (%), K, Na, Ca, Mg, So4, Cl, Co3-, Co4- were examained. Using SPSS package, variance and Duncan test were applied to analyze the witected data. The results showed regions was varied from Astragalus spp. Stipa barbatato Artimisa, Seidlitzia rosmarinus and finally to Tamarix spp. Finally the most relations between factor and vegetation types considered of the below. The most relation of Tamarix spp and Seidlitzia rosmarinus with Ec and solubae minerals. The most relation of Artemisia sieberi with the texture of soil and the most relation of Astragalus spp Stipa barbata with of soil Lime.

Ecological classification of the coastal zone, have recently been using the “biotope” as a unit. Lexically “biotope” is synonymous with habitat, but with different ecological concepts. Various biotopes in 122 km intertidal stretch of the southern coasts of the Qeshm Island (Qeshm city in east to Dustaku village in west) in four seasons were identified and mapped out (2009-2010). Considering the extent and geomorphology of the covered area (sandy, rocky and rocky-sandy), 12 stations within four sub-regions were designated, using GPS. The work was carried out through monitoring, photography and sampling of biotic communities, using quadrate method and sediment sampling for particle size and total organic matter. Totally 60 major biotopes in 10 biotic groups were identified, of which more than 65% were located in rocky and rocky-sandy coast (mid-eastern) and the rest in sandy coast (mid-western). These results can be used in management approaches, because biotopes as distinctive and repeatable communities might be considered as indicators of change due to various pressures.

Identification and classification of habitats and their related biological and non-biological characteristics is the first and most crucial step in managing the exploitation and conservation of the environment and natural resources. Qom province is located in the central plateau of Iran and has a dry climate according to the Domarten climate classification. The different regions of the province were surveyed in order to identify the various types of habitats and their DOMINANT vegetation. Along with collecting the required information, DOMINANT plant SPECIES were also collected and identified. Eight of the ten main habitats in the world were identified in Qom province, with 24 sub-habitats using the EUNIS habitat classification key. These eight habitats are: 1-inland surface water habitat, 2-mire, bog and fen habitat, 3-grassland habitats, 4-heathland and scrub habitat, 5-woodland and forest habitat, 6-inland unvegetated or sparsely vegetated habitat, 7-cultivated agricultural habitat and, 8-constructed and artificial habitat. Qom province mainly includes a desert ecosystem, and this type of ecosystem is very vulnerable and fragile. Considering the fact that the loss of ecosystem services increases the vulnerability of humans, especially in arid areas, therefore recognizing and protecting the primary and secondary habitats as well as microhabitats of the province, with emphasis on native plants, play an influential role in protecting the province's environment.

Mythimna genus moths are some of the most important pests of gramineous plants' especially cereals, that can substantially reduce crop yields by feeding on leaves and on ears. The larvae, called "armyworm" with gregarious feeding at different larval instars and in favorable conditions can destroy a rice field within a short time. Their damages are seen periodically and in some years in the west of Mazandaran are such that can cause irreparable damage to rice fields. In comprehensive studies on population dynamics of Mythimna SPECIES during 1999 -2001, three SPECIES namely, Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth), Mythimna pudorina (Denis & Schiffermuller) and Mythimna vile/lina (Hubner) were collected and identified. Among them, M unipuncta as the DOMINANT SPECIES can cause the main damage. Larval and adult population fluctuations showed that M unipuncta bears three generations per year with the maximum larval activity occurring in July, August and September. The second generation larval activity was the highest which can cause the greatest damage. Developmental period under insectariums conditions was 48.27, 37.48, and 44.44 days for first to the third generations, respectively. Head capsule size measurements indicated that each generation has six larval instars. Cumulative survival is gradually reduced from first larval instar, so that only a few number of larvae can reach adult stage. Obtained data from Robinson light trap showed that 3 flight peaks, in early July, middle of August and September, can be seen that respectively belong to the first, second and third generations of pest.